Objectives!!!

Objective One: 


 1. A solution is defined as a clear and homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent.  In other words a solution is something dissolved in something else.  A colloid is a substance dispersed throughout another substance.  An example of this would be milk.  Suspension is a substance containing large, solid particles in it.  An example of this would be sand in a cup of water.
2. When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent.
3. Solutes affect the boiling point and freezing point of a solvent because the range increases for the boiling point and decreases for the freezing point.
4. If you mix blue food coloring in water it would be a solution because the blue coloring mixes in with the water.
5. It is explained in number 3...


Objective Two:


1. Concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
2. You can figure out what a substance is because of its solubility. You can use the characteristic of solubility to know how much of a substance can be dissolved in a solvent. If you know the solubility of a solvent, then you know how much of a solute can be added until the solvent is at its maximum concentration.
3. There are three types and those are tempature, pressure, and type of the solvent.
4. When the tempature is hot the solid will melt and if it is too cold it will freeze.
5. Solubility is helpful in seeing the substances because you can see how much of something is able to be dissolved in it.


Objective Three:


1. Acid Properties: sour tasting, corrosive to metals, make litmus paper red, and they also release hydrogen ions.
2. Base Properties: slippery,  makes litmus paper blue, releases hydroxcide ions, and they usually end with "ide".
3. You put part of the litmus paper in a solution or substance and wait to see if it will turn blue or more red.  If it is a bluey color, it would be a base and if it was a reddish color it would be an acid.
4. You could tell because it could have a sour taste ( acid ) or a bitter taste ( base ).
5. The fertilizer will hurt your hands because it has acids and strong chemicals in it.


Objective Four:


1. The ions in acids would be H+.
2. The acids will start to release hydrogen ions and the bases will start to release hydroxcide ions.
3. H+NO3 ( this is an acid )
4.  The pH tells you how much H+ ions are in a certain acid or base.  If the pH is lower than 7 it is an acid and if it is higher it is a base.
5. When the pH number is lower, the concentration of the hydrogen ions is higher. So, the solution with the pH of 3 has more hydrogen ions.


Objective Six:

1. acid: something that reacts with a base to neutralizes its properties, something that tastes sour, something that reacts with an active metal to liberate hydrogen gas, and something that conducts electricity
2. neutralization: a chemical reaction when an acid and a base react to form salt
3. indicator: a halochromic is chemical compound that you can add to a solution little by little to see the pH of a solution can be indicated visually
4. corrosive: if something is corrosive, then it will destroy or severely damage another thing when it comes into contact with it
5. hydroxide ion: the negatively charged ion in a water solution of a base

How do we know about electrons if they are so SMALL?

The discovery that the electron was a subatomic particle was made in 1897 by J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, while he was studying cathode ray tubes. A cathode ray tube is a sealed glass cylinder in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, cathode rays are generated, causing the tube to glow. Through experimentation, Thomson discovered that the negative charge could not be separated from the rays (by the application of magnetism), and that the rays could be deflected by an electric field. He concluded that these rays, rather than being waves, were composed of negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles". He measured their mass-to-charge ratio and found it to be over a thousand times smaller than that of a hydrogen ion, suggesting that they were either very highly charged or very small in mass. Later experiments by other scientists upheld the latter conclusion. Their mass-to-charge ratio was also independent of the choice of cathode material and the gas originally on vacuum tube. This led Thomson to conclude that they were universal among all materials.

How do we know electrons exists if we cants see them | Answerbag http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/220049#ixzz161DFirxC

Test Nine!

1. Thermal energy is related to temperature and heat because it makes up an object with the particles inside it.  The thermal energy of a material consists of the disordered motion of its atoms or molecules. Thermal energy can be transferred through materials or from one material to another by conduction (the collisions of atoms). If the material is fluid, convection currents transfer the thermal energy (convection). When thermal energy is transferred it is called heat. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a material.
2. An object made of a material with a higher heat capacity will take longer to get warm than one made with a lower-heat-capacity material (if the two are heated with the same power, say a microwave).
3. The three forms are conduction, convection, and radiation.  Conduction is say when I touch a table, the heat molecules will transfer from my hand to the table, which will produce heat to the table.  Convection is when molecules within fluids go through a cycle and make motions.  Radiation is the process of energetic particles that move and travel through open area.
4. 5 * 10 * 2180 = 209,000 Joules
5. If I had the option to either build a fire or put up a tent, I would put up a tent (conduction).  I would do this because I would be in an inclosed area.  The atoms would be tightly packed, which would make you in an insulated area.  This would form heat for me to stay super, cozy warm!!!:)

Objectives!!!

Objective One:


1. The three types are Fahrenheit, Celcius, and Kelvins.
2. Thermal energy is related to temperature and heat because it makes up an object with the particles inside it.   The thermal energy of a material consists of the disordered motion of its atoms or molecules. Thermal energy can be transferred through materials or from one material to another by conduction (the collisions of atoms). If the material is fluid, convection currents transfer the thermal energy (convection). When thermal energy is transferred it is called heat. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a material.
3. Specific heat is the amount of heat that raises the temperature by one degrees celcius.  An example of high specific heat is water.  Water depends on the high specific heat to stabalize its temperature.
4. An ice cube is cold and your hand is warm.  When a cold item hits a warm object, it starts to melt.  The heat molucles in your hand makes the ice cube turn into a liquid.
5. An object made of a material with a higher heat capacity will take longer to get warm than one made with a lower-heat-capacity material (if the two are heated with the same power, say a microwave).

Objective Two:


1. It measures temperature using mercury.  This is so because mercury expands when it gets hotter, but gets smaller when it is colder.  (Mercury is the liquid stuff inside the termometer)
2. They are all the same because they each give the temperature.  Also Kelvins and Celcius are similiar because they have the same intervals/degrees.  They are different because they are all placed differently on scales and you would have to convert them to find their equal.
3. 5.0 C would be equal to 41.0 F
4. 860 F would be equal to 460 C
5. 5*10*4180= 209000J

Objective Three:


1. The three forms are conduction, convection, and radiation.
2. Heat moves to hotter places, than to colder places.
3. Conductors and insulators are exactly the opposite.  Conductors let energy pass through easily and insulators don't let much energy pass through them. 
4. I would say that a cooper pipe would be more efficient as a conductor.  I say this because it has more room for enerrgy to flow through it and it would be easier.
5. If I had the option to either build a fire or put up a tent, I would put up a tent (conduction).  I would do this because I would be in an inclosed area.  The atoms would be tightly packed, which would make you in an insulated area.  This would form heat for me to stay super, cozy warm!!!:)

Objective Four:


1. Temperature makes matter change state.  The hot particles change to more of a gas and the cold particles would change to more of a solid.
2. As thermal energy increases the substance could change to either a gas or a solid.
3.  The temperature of matter stays the same because all of the temperature's energy is being put into the matter because it is changing its state.
4. A solid melts because the matter expands which causes the heat to act upon the solid.  It soon melts away.
5. You should do this because when the potatoe heats up the matter inside it will expand, and without the holes the potatoe with EXPLODE!

Objective Five:


1. Heat engines use thermal energy by turning it into mechanical energy.
2. Internal combustion engines- Heat and gas is transfered to objects, which causes mechanical energy to produce.
    External combustion engines- The internal working fluid gets heated up by an external source, which produces motions.
3. I think that they would use an internal combustion engine because you would put gas into your car, which would power up the vehicle to make it move.
4. The refrigerator would have no hot air in it because all of the heat is sucked out of it, which makes it really cold inside.
5. Everything in the refrigerator would get hot...nothing would be cold.

Objectives

Objective 1: Measuring Matter

1. Whenever you go to a different place your weight changes, but when you travel to a       different place your mass never changes; it is more accurate to go by mass.

2. 619.65cm3

3. cm3 or ml3

4. m/v or g/cm3

5. L * W * H

Objective 2: Changes in Matter

1. Chemical Change- when bonds are formed or broken between atoms (a new substance is formed)

   Physical Change- a change not involving a change in the substance’s chemical identity (no new substances are formed)

2. - solid is made

    - object changes color

    - gasses are formed

    -  heat, light, and sound are made

3. The conservation law of mass describes that mass in a container stays the same as it first was over time.  Epicurus created this law; he was an ancient Greek philosopher.

4. Thermal energy is actual energy, while temperature isn’t energy.  Also thermal energy is the total amount of kinetic energy contained in all the particles of a substance and temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

5. Exothermic Reaction- Elephant Toothpaste, Ashley and I did this and it made the bottle really hot

    Endothermic Reaction- mixing water and ammonium nitrate makes the substance get cold over time

Objective 3: Energy and Matter

1. Chemical, thermal, potential, electromagnetic, kinetic, and electrical energy all relate to the change in matter.

2. Kinetic Energy

3. Potential Energy

4. Electromagnetic energy is energy from radiation.  It can transfer waves of energy to different places and it can do this in the form of heat, light, or sound.

5. Electrical energy, an example of this is when you plug in a phone charger… you plug it into the wall and then the electrons go to the phone to power it up.

Objective 5: Boyle’s Laws

1. His law talks about pressure and volume of a gas.

2. This is so because when a balloon goes higher into the altitude, its pressure decreases.  If you fill it up all the way it will expand and soon pop.

3. Pressure goes down and Volume goes up

4. His law applies to physicians in many ways, one way is our diaphragm.  As the diaphragm lowers, the lungs grow bigger because of little pressure.  The diaphragm then applies some pressure and carbon dioxide.  This soon leaves the body because the volume of the lungs decreases.

5. They rely on it because they need to know how much oxygen they need.

Objective 6: Charles’ Law

1. His law describes how gases expand when they are heated.

2. As the temperature of gas increases, the gas molecules move more quickly

3. Jacque Charles

4. In 1783, he landed and a bunch of people attacked it and ruined it.

5. V100 - V0 = KV0  the K is kept unchanged…

FYI

Just a FYI....Yeast smells disgusting after being microwaved!!!

Breaking Down Sugar

I put yeast, water, and brown sugar in this container and let it sit for about an hour
I could still see the sugar in it



In this container I put yeast, water, and brown sugar in it, but i microwaved it for 40 sec
There was less sugar in this container than the first one




For this container I only put water and brown sugar in it and I microwaved it for 40 sec as well
This was the one with absolutely no sugar in it




In this container I put water and brown sugar in it, but i boiled this one
This container also had no sugar left in it




Here is an overview of the experiment!!!



Test One: Number Three

Tell me what you think about...im starting to think that the dolls are a little bit creepy...haha!

Test One: Number Three

This is the " cotton candy model "
This is the most current model that we still have today
Inside the nucleus we have protons and nuetrons ( protons white balls and nuetrons green balls )
The elctrons are also in orbit ( dolls are electrons is orbit )

This is Rutherford's model of the atom....
He knew about electrons, but he didn't know that they orbited around the atom ( in this case the dolls are the electrons )
He also discovered the nucleus, but his model was not complete yet because he had no neutrons in it ( the little white balls is the nucleus )

This is Bohr's model of the atom
He was a student of Rutherford's and proved him wrong
He figured out that the electrons aren't just in some random place, but they actually orbit around the nucleus ( the dolls are walking around the nucleus as you can see in a single file )




I was trying to be creative....so here is my attempt!  haha

Video

Gray and I created a history for atoms video...it is really interesting so i hope you will watch it!!!
Thanks

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39fyGU_phig

Didnt Gray do a GREAT job transforming me...look down!

Parts of Atoms

science video:)

Resources

Wikipedia and notes from class....:)

John Dalton " Pool Ball Model "

John Dalton was a meteorologist, physicist, and English chemist in the 1700's - 1800's.  He was born on September 6, 1766 and was born colour blind.  He is mainly known for his modern atomic theory and his research towards colour blindness.   Dalton started out to run a Quaker school with his older brother, until 1793, he became a natural philosophy teacher at a college all because of John Gough.  In 1800 he resigned because of money issues, and soon became a tutor for another college. He started to work with different types of gases, which led him to the study of atoms.  He had five main points in his theory: 1st- the atoms of an element are different from those of another element. 2nd- all atoms of a given element are identical. 3rd- atoms with one element can combine with atoms with other elements to form chemical compounds. 4th- a chemical reaction only changes the way atoms are grouped in. 5th- elements are made up of atoms.

Extra Credit....Boron

Boron:

Protons- 5

Electrons- 5

Neutrons- about 5 or 6

Atomic Mass-10.811

Atomic Number- 5

History- Thales

Thales was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus. It is said that he is one of the first Greek philosophers ever. He was trying to discover an explanation of the existence of the world without using mythology. Many other philosophers looked up to him and he later got the nickname of the " Father of Science ". He brought many new ideas to the scientific revolution because he did not believe in mythology. Thales was also called one of the first mathmaticians. He was the first one to use the deductive reasoning that applied to geometry, which led to Thale's Theorem.